Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his competitors were reducing their investments.

Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. “He who dies rich, dies disgraced,” he often said.

Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, including

the Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of Carnegie-Mellon University. Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts.

Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie's generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small communities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today.

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Police and Communities

Police and Communities

Few institutions are more important to an urban community than its police, yet there are few subjects historians know so little about. Most of the early academic interests developed among political scientists and sociologists, who usually examined their own contemporary problems with only a nod toward the past. Even the public seemed concerned only during crime waves, periods of blatant corruption, or after a particularly grisly episode. Party regulars and reformers generally viewed the institution from a political perspective; newspapers and magazines - the nineteenth century's media - emphasized the vivid and spectacular.
Yet urban society has always vested a wide, indeed awesome, responsibility in its police. Not only were they to maintain order, prevent crime, and protect life and property, but historically they were also to fight fires, suppress vice, assist in health services, supervise elections, direct traffic, inspect buildings, and locate truants and runaways. In addition, it was assumed that the police were the special guardians of the citizens' liberties and the community's tranquility. Of course, the performance never matched expectations. The record contains some success, but mostly failure; some effective leadership, but largely official incompetence and betrayal. The notion of a professional police force in America is a creation of the twentieth century; not until our own times have cities begun to take the steps necessary to produce modern departments.

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Piano

Piano

The ancestry of the piano can be traced to the early keyboard instruments of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries -- the spinet, the dulcimer, and the virginal. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century. The clavichord's tone was metallic and never powerful; nevertheless, because of the variety of tone possible to it, many composers found the clavichord a sympathetic instrument for intimate chamber music. The harpsichord with its bright, vigorous tone was the favorite instrument for supporting the bass of the small orchestra of the period and for concert use, but the character of the tone could not be varied save by mechanical or structural devices.
The piano was perfected in the early eighteenth century by a harpsichord maker in Italy(though musicologists point out several previous instances of the instrument). This instrument was called a piano e forte (soft and loud), to indicate its dynamic versatility; its strings were struck by a recoiling hammer with a felt-padded head. The wires were much heavier in the earlier instruments. A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance

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The Origin of Refrigerators

The Origin of Refrigerators



By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, more explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.

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Oil Refining

Oil Refining
An important new industry, oil refining, grew after the Civil War. Crude oil, or petroleum -- a dark, thick ooze from the earth -- had been known for hundreds of years, but little use had ever been made of it. In the 1850's Samuel M. Kier, a manufacturer in western Pennsylvania, began collecting the oil from local seepages and refining it into kerosene. Refining, like smelting, is a process of removing impurities from a raw material.
Kerosene was used to light lamps. It was a cheap substitute for whale oil, which was becoming harder to get. Soon there was a large demand for kerosene. People began to search for new supplies of petroleum.
The first oil well was drilled by E. L. Drake, a retired railroad conductor. In 1859 he began drilling in Titusville, Pennsylvania. The whole venture seemed so impractical and foolish that onlookers called it "Drake's Folly". But when he had drilled down about 70 feet (21 meters), Drake struck oil. His well began to yield 20 barrels of crude oil a day.
News of Drake's success brought oil prospectors to the scene. By the early 1860's these wildcatters were drilling for "black gold" all over western Pennsylvania. The boom rivaled the California gold rush of 1848 in its excitement and Wild West atmosphere. And it brought far more wealth to the prospectors than any gold rush.
Crude oil could be refined into many products. For some years kerosene continued to be the principal one. It was sold in grocery stores and door-to-door. In the 1880's refiners learned how to make other petroleum products such as waxes and lubricating oils. Petroleum was not then used to make gasoline or heating oil.

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Raising Oysters

Raising Oysters
In the past oysters were raised in much the same way as dirt farmers raised tomatoes - by transplanting them. First, farmers selected the oyster bed, cleared the bottom of old shells and other debris, then scattered clean shells about. Next, they "planted" fertilized oyster eggs, which within two or three weeks hatched into larvae. The larvae drifted until they attached themselves to the clean shells on the bottom. There they remained and in time grew into baby oysters called seed or spat. The spat grew larger by drawing in seawater from which they derived microscopic particles of food. Before long, farmers gathered the baby oysters, transplanted them in other waters to speed up their growth, then transplanted them once more into another body of water to fatten them up.
Until recently the supply of wild oysters and those crudely farmed were more than enough to satisfy people's needs.
But today the delectable seafood is no longer available in abundance. The problem has become so serious that some oyster beds have vanished entirely.
Fortunately, as far back as the early 1900's marine biologists realized that if new measures were not taken, oysters would become extinct or at best a luxury food. So they set up well-equipped hatcheries and went to work. But they did not have the proper equipment or the skill to handle the eggs. They did not know when, what, and how to feed the larvae. And they knew little about the predators that attack and eat baby oysters by the millions. They failed, but they doggedly kept at it. Finally, in the 1940's a significant breakthrough was made.
The marine biologists discovered that by raising the temperature of the water, they could induce oysters to spawn not only in the summer but also in the fall, winter, and spring. Later they developed a technique for feeding the larvae and rearing them to spat. Going still further, they succeeded in breeding new strains that were resistant to diseases, grew faster and larger, and flourished in water of different salinities and temperatures. In addition, the cultivated oysters tasted better!

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Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading

Plate Tectonics and Sea-floor Spreading
The theory of plate tectonics describes the motions of the lithosphere, the comparatively rigid outer layer of the Earth that includes all the crust and part of the underlying mantle. The lithosphere is divided into a few dozen plates of various sizes and shapes; in general the plates are in motion with respect to one another. A mid-ocean ridge is a boundary between plates where new lithospheric material is injected from below. As the plates diverge from a mid-ocean ridge they slide on a more yielding layer at the base of the lithosphere.
Since the size of the Earth is essentially constant, new lithosphere can be created at the mid-ocean ridges only if an equal amount of lithospheric material is consumed elsewhere. The site of this destruction is another kind of plate boundary: a subduction zone. There one plate dives under the edge of another and is reincorporated into the mantle. Both kinds of plate boundary are associated with fault systems, earthquakes and volcanism, but the kinds of geologic activity observed at the two boundaries are quite different.
The idea of sea-floor spreading actually preceded the theory of plate tectonics. In its original version, in the early 1960's, it described the creation and destruction of the ocean floor, but it did not specify rigid lithospheric plates. The hypothesis was substantiated soon afterward by the discovery that periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field are recorded in the oceanic crust. As magma rises under the mid-ocean ridge, ferromagnetic minerals in the magma become magnetized in the direction of the geomagnetic field. When the magma cools and solidifies, the direction and the polarity of the field are preserved in the magnetized volcanic rock. Reversals of the field give rise to a series of magnetic stripes running parallel to the axis of the rift. The oceanic crust thus serves as a magnetic tape recording of the history of the geomagnetic field that can be dated independently; the width of the stripes indicates the rate of the sea-floor spreading.

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The Salinity of Ocean Waters

The Salinity of Ocean Waters

If the salinity of ocean waters is analyzed, it is found to vary only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity.
One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation - conversion of liquid water to water vapor. In this manner the salinity is increased, since the salts stay behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white crystals of salt would be left behind.
The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation or runoff.
Normally, in tropical regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.
A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When sea water is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind. In this manner, sea water directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water. In the Weddell Sea Antarctica, the densest water in the oceans is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portions of the oceans of the world.

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Hydrogen and Industries

Hydrogen and Industries
Hydrogen, the lightest and simplest of the elements, has several properties that make it valuable for many industries. It releases more heat per unit of weight than any other fuel. In rocket engines, tons of hydrogen and oxygen are burned, and hydrogen is used with oxygen for welding torches that produce temperatures as high as 4, 000 degrees F and can be used in cutting steel. Fuel cells to generate electricity operate on hydrogen and oxygen.
Hydrogen also serves to prevent metals from tarnishing during heat treatments by removing the oxygen from them. Although it would be difficult to remove the oxygen by itself, hydrogen readily combines with oxygen to form water, which can be heated to steam and easily removed.
Hydrogen is also useful in the food industry for a process know as hydrogenation. Products such as margarine and cooking oils are changed from liquids to semisolids by adding hydrogen to their molecules. Soap manufacturers also use hydrogen for this purpose.
Hydrogen is also one of the coolest refrigerants. It does not become a liquid until it reaches temperatures of -425 degrees F. Pure hydrogen gas is used in large electric generators to cool the coils. In addition, in the chemical industry, hydrogen is used to produce ammonia, gasoline, methyl alcohol, and many other important products.

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The Source of Energy

The Source of Energy

A summary of the physical and chemical nature of life must begin, not on the Earth, but in the Sun; in fact, at the Sun's very center. It is here that is to be found the source of the energy that the Sun constantly pours out into space as light and heat. This energy is liberated at the center of the Sun as billions upon billions of nuclei of hydrogen atoms collide with each other and fuse together to form nuclei of helium, and in doing so, release some of the energy that is stored in the nuclei of atoms. The output of light and heat of the Sun requires that some 600 million tons of hydrogen be converted into helium in the Sun every second. This the Sun has been doing for several thousands of millions of years. The nuclear energy is released at the Sun's center as high-energy gamma radiation, a form of electromagnetic radiation like light and radio waves, only of very much shorter wavelength. This gamma radiation is absorbed by atoms inside the Sun to be reemitted at slightly longer wavelengths. This radiation, in its turn is absorbed and reemitted. As the energy filters through the layers of the solar interior, it passes through the X-ray part of the spectrum eventually becoming light. At this stage, it has reached what we call the solar surface, and can escape into space without being absorbed further by solar atoms. A very small fraction of the Sun's light and heat is emitted in such directions that after passing unhindered through interplanetary space, it hits the Earth

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Treasure in Sunken Ships

Treasure in Sunken Ships

Of the tens of thousands of ships on the ocean bottom, only a handful, less than 1 percent, contain negotiable treasure, such as gold and jewels. Most give us a different priceless treasure -- history. A sunken ship lies in trust, preserved in the airless environment of the sea and those in deep water are especially well protected. No dry land sites anywhere -- except perhaps Egyptian tombs -- are in a better state of preservation than a vessel deep in the ocean. A sunken ship, therefore, can be a rare window through which a moment in time is glimpsed.
This is not to imply that sunken ships are always found intact. Most ships break up on the way down, hit the bottom at about 100 miles per hour, and become a chaotic, confusing jumble. I recall the chagrin of a novice diver who, after surfacing from an underwater tour of a 400-foot ship, asked his diving buddy, "Where was the wreck?" It takes experience to actually know a sunken ship when one sees it. But no matter what its condition on the way down, a ship deteriorates much more slowly as it sinks deeper into protective layers of sand and mud. Ancient vessels have been found in remarkably good condition. In 1977 a group of marine archaeologists excavating a 900-year-old wreck recovered engraved glassware. Greek coins, bronze kettles, and amazingly, Greek jars containing seeds, almonds, and lentils -- even a plate with chicken bones.

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Creating Colors

Creating Colors

There are two ways to create colors in a photograph. One method, called additive, starts with three basic colors and adds them together to produce some other colors. The second method, called subtractive, starts with white light (a mixture of all colors in the spectrum) and by taking away some or all other colors leaves the one desired.
In the additive method separate colored lights are combined to produce various other colors. The three additive primary colors are green, red and blue (each proportion, about one third of the wavelengths in the total spectrum). Mixed in varying proportions, they can produce all colors. Green and red light mix to produce yellow, red and blue light mix to produce magenta, green and blue mix to produce cyan. When equal parts of all three of these primary colored beams of light overlap, the mixture appears white to the eye.
In the subtractive process, colors are produced when dye (as in paint or color photographic materials) absorbs some wavelengths and so passes on only part of the spectrum. The subtractive primaries are cyan (a bluish green), magenta (a purplish pink), and yellow; these are the pigments or dyes that absorb red, green and blue wavelengths, respectively, thus subtracting them from white light. These dye colors are the complementary colors to the three additive primaries of red, green and blue. Properly combined, the subtractive primaries can absorb all colors of light, producing black. But, mixed in varying proportions they too can produce any color in the spectrum.
Whether a particular color is obtained by adding colored lights together or by subtracting some light from the total spectrum, the result looks the same to the eye. The additive process was employed for early color photography. But the subtractive method, while requiring complex chemical techniques, has turned out to be more practical and is the basis of all modern color films.

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Animals Compasses

Researchers have found that migrating animals use a variety of inner compasses to help them navigate. Some steer by the position of the Sun. Others navigate by the stars. Some use the Sun as their guide during the day and then switch to star navigation by night. One study shows that the homing pigeon uses the Earth's magnetic fields as a guide in finding its way home and there are indications that various other animals from insects to mollusks, can also make use of magnetic compasses. It is of course very useful for a migrating bird to be able to switch to a magnetic compass when clouds cover the Sun; otherwise it would just have to land and wait for the Sun to come out again.
Even with the Sun or stars to steer by, the problems of navigation are more complicated than they might seem at first. For example, a worker honeybee that has found a rich source of nectar and pollen flies rapidly home to the hive to report. A naturalist has discovered that the bee scout delivers her report through a complicated dance in the hive, in which she tells the other workers not only how far away the food is, but also what direction to fly in relation to the Sun. But the Sun does not stay in one place all day. As the workers start out to gather the food, the Sun may already have changed its position in the sky somewhat. In later trips during the day, the Sun will seem to move farther and farther toward the west. Yet the worker bees seem to have no trouble at all in finding the food source. Their inner clocks tell them just where the Sun will be and they change their course correspondingly

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Colds and Age

A critical factor that plays a part in susceptibility to colds is age. A study done by the University of Michigan School of Public Health revealed particulars that seem to hold true for the general population. Infants are the most cold ridden group, averaging more than six colds in their first years. Boys have more colds than girls up to age three. After the age of three, girls are more susceptible than boys, and teenage girls average three colds a year to boys' two. The general incidence of colds continues to decline into maturity. Elderly people who are in good health have as few as one or two colds annually. One exception is found among people in their twenties, especially women, who show a rise in cold infections, because people in this age group are most likely to have young children. Adults who delay having children until their thirties and forties experience the same sudden increase in cold infections. The study also found that economics plays an important role. As income increases, the frequency at which colds are reported in the family decreases. Families with the lowest income suffer about a third more colds than families at the upper end. Lower income generally forces people to live in more cramped quarters than those typically occupied by wealthier people, and crowding increases the opportunities for the cold virus to travel from person to person. Low income may also adversely influence diet. The degree to which poor nutrition affects susceptibility to colds is not yet clearly established, but an inadequate diet is suspected of lowering resistance generally.

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The Science of Addiction

How Science Has Revolutionized the Understanding of Drug Addiction
Throughout much of the last century, scientists studying drug abuse labored in the shadows of powerful myths and misconceptions about the nature of addiction. When science began to study addictive behavior in the 1930s, people addicted to drugs were thought to be morally flawed and lacking in willpower. Those views shaped society\'s responses to drug abuse, treating it as a moral failing rather than a health problem, which led to an emphasis on punitive rather than preventative and therapeutic actions. Today, thanks to science, our views and our responses to drug abuse have changed dramatically. Groundbreaking discoveries about the brain have revolutionized our understanding of drug addiction, enabling us to respond effectively to the problem.

As a result of scientific research, we know that addiction is a disease that affects both brain and behavior. We have identified many of the biological and environmental factors and are beginning to search for the genetic variations that contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Scientists use this knowledge to develop effective prevention and treatment approaches that reduce the toll drug abuse takes on individuals, families, and communities.

Despite these advances, many people today do not understand why individuals become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug abuse. This booklet aims to fill that knowledge gap by providing scientific information about the disease of drug addiction, including the many harmful consequences of drug abuse and the basic approaches that have been developed to prevent and treat the disease. At the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), we believe that increased understanding of the basics of addiction will empower people to make informed choices in their own lives, adopt science-based policies and programs that reduce drug abuse and addiction in their communities, and support scientific research that improves the Nation\'s well-being.

Nora D. Volkow, M.D

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Girls\' runaway is an international phenomenon with local reasons

A lot of international societies suffer from the international phenomenon of girls\' runaway; some of it form a real crisis, but we in Saudi Arabia for many main reasons as the nature of Saudi society that based on Religiosity and the valuable customs and traditions this problem doesn\'t reach the limit of a phenomenon, but it is very important to treat it as it touches girls section the future mothers and offend to this Muslim society and its humanity, and to prevent its aggravation and leading to social dangers and family incoherence , and before all that for the victory of mercy and loving between family members the nuclear of Muslim society by the examination of its reasons and finding its suitable solutions. By looking at these situations which we see a lot of them in the daily newspapers we will find that it is a result of a common mistake between the girl and its family.



All the views almost agree about the case reasons and its treatment ways and finding the best solution of this case is to recall the efforts cooperation of official and local society institution to treat it .starting from caring obsession of Arabian human and to supply the kind care for him, and also starting from religious teachings and society values which move us to try to purify it from defects and destroying ailment and negative phenomenon which threaten its peace and safety.



Sociologists classifies girls runaway to moral runway where girl isolates from her family in her own room because of the cruelty of masculine society which is represented in father and brother and she lives in a total isolated world through internet and mobile, and there is the material runaway which is the investigation core and we are going to talk about it with some specializes.



We take some experts views to discuss this issue from its different sides and to focus on its reasons.



In the beginning we will discuss the story of one of the girls who starts her addiction after her parents separation when she was eleven years old ,through one of her friends and she was at the same time her neighbor and nine years older than her and she went to her to solve her problems, she started her addiction by a normal cigarette and then she stole cigarette from her drunkard father and at the age of thirteen she started trying to runaway from her house with the help of this close neighbor to solve her problems. As the mother was busy with her new husband, she neglects her family and her sons, this make the neighbor to be the shelter and hideaway to the girl.

The girl\'s corruption developed when she started taking hashish and narcotic pills and this is a normal disturbance result in the personality and the repeated runaway from the house in the absence of family control and starting relationships with boys and she got arrested more than one time as well as many suicide attempts.



Taking concerned opinions about this problem and how to help involved people and advising them, we met with Hessa AlGhamedi the psychological specialist at AlAmal complex for mental health that said: this story is a symbol of many stories of family incoherence are as called (weak families) that leads to early disturbances and corruptions like that girl who really needs an ideal model at that age, she needs someone to listen to her, direct and support her to feel of her existence and value, as she is in a physical and psychological stage of growth, but as a result of family incoherence the girl turned to the wrong person (the neighbor), she started to imitate her in addiction and of course she earned a lot of corruption morals related to addiction as stealing and runaway from home.



Concerned with relationships Professor Hessa sees that the responsibility here is put on her family but there is no benefit from blaming as it is better to put her in the nearest hospital to offer the suitable therapy from a complete therapeutic team to change a lot from her wrong ideas, concepts and morals.

She is in a sensitive stage of age and she still in a growth period and this will help in changing her easily. Also the guidance of her family members because their connection is very important, and to strengthen the relationship between them to supply the girl with a normal family capable of helping her to return to live in a right way.

From his side, Dr. Sultan Bin Ahmad AlThakafy the director of Information Affairs Authority at Prince Nayef Arabian University for security sciences said: I don\'t think that girls\' runaway problem represents a big phenomenon in our society but I think that it is currently increased more than previous years but the phenomenon in this field is the runaway of housekeepers of different nationalities to the extent that annoy family and security departments, but about Saudi girls runaway Dr. AlThakafy sees that there is a lot of reasons and motivations behind that and at the same time don’t vindicate that deviated behavior and the most important cause is the family incoherence and conflictions inside the family, or over control from one or some of family members, or loosing tenderness, and emotional deprivation, absence of family control as well as family disturbances.



Culture is another reason and difference between parents\' generation and sons\' generation since old parents think that young boys and girls don’t know their behalf. In the contrary young boys and girls see that their parents are traditional and they can not understand modern language or its needs, the conflict starts from here and the gap between parents\' generation and sons\' generation increases especially if we know that our schools and families do not encourage the conversation and the argument language but mostly ordering and forbidding.

The revolution in the world of communications and information increases opening opportunities in all directions.

In addition to rapid contacting with anything and everything in modern human village as well as the increase in enticements and attractions plus weakness of psychic resistance are factors that help in runaway to deviation world generally.

He ends his words saying: From any point of view we should strengthen values of every one male or female and support personal immunity of people and societies.

While; values, personal resistance, and personal immunity increase this will lead to protection of people from corruption and entering personal control stage one morals and behaviors.

Patients generation must be more open with their sons through conversation and conviction and strengthening of immunity conception and personal supervision and providing them with the most degree of psychological and emotional satisfaction of all sons\' demands especially daughters because their available entertainment and self relaxation is less than other society members because the girl is the family project and the nuclear of the whole family.



Dr. Sakr Bin Mohamad AlMokayad the head of International Corporation of Prince Nayef Arabian University confirms what Dr. AlThakafy said that the issue does not reach the phenomenon limit and he says that we can not accept that girls runaway became a phenomenon that demand attention and there is no accurate statistics and this does not allow the existence of a lot of personal cases, and they need a lot of studies to know the problem and suggest the necessary solution for it, he continues that surrender to any form of social disobey is a mental laziness as we live a confliction world and we cannot control world effluence and changes that accompanied it.

Social changes are correlated with a group of expressions like developing and improvement but it differs from it in one point which is Changing is a neutral expression which human judgment does not control it, at he same time it carries positive and negative signs, then we have to get ready for that change and advantage from its utility and get rid of its disadvantage as the nucleolus.

Girls\' runaway may be as a result of family violence, this problem is due to family failure in performing its function in the presence of changes that hit the society in addition to family position complications, modern factors and woman work, but family remains as the social and the moral institution for protecting girls, knowing that the Arabian family generally deals with girls oppression as it is socially accepted due to their protection and keeping them from addiction to mix between punishment ways and bad treatment and secrecy in treating problems because its exposure is considered as a social scandal with using a lot of expressions like blaming and rebuking and decrease in mental abilities.

Dr. AlMokayad summarizes the causes of girls\' runaway in: family violence, bad relation between parents and body violence that she is exposed to it and growing up without a good model, male control, social situation, wrong cultural beliefs, bad friends, weakness of beliefs (empty spirit), disturbances, anxiety, irritation and bad investment of spare time.

A research was made in the United States 1996 cleared that 7192 of girls are victims of bad family treatment. In a Unisef research it was found that 47% of girls working in sex trade in Middle America countries were victims of bad family treatment in childhood leading them to violence and crimes more than others.

There are three kinds of protection:

Primary protection which means stop crisis before occurrence

Secondary protection which means crisis after occurrence

Third this means crisis before spreading and turning to a problem and becoming a social phenomenon.

We have to take care of the disgraceful cultural invasion through hundreds of spreading satellite channels, pornography and at least there is a night club at every home, challenging that invasion will not come only by moral and spiritual vaccination and social correction, we have to reconsider looking at vacation culture as parents prefer spending more of their time and neglecting their kids, also some parents spoil their sons excessively and in the contrary some kids suffer from concrete emotions.

All those factors will lead girl to isolation, weakness and being easily invested by evils as well as blundering.



At the end of his talking Dr. AlMokayad confirms that rising up religion is best solution in the presence of spreading media.

Girls must trust themselves as well as their parents putting in consideration that they are future mothers with heavy loads and responsibilities as a result of that and homeland wait for them, so who satisfy will get satisfaction but who dissatisfy will get dissatisfaction.

Allah said in Quran:

And We have assigned them (devils) intimate companions (in this world), who have made fair-seeming to them, what was before them (evil deeds which they were doing in the present worldly life and disbelief in the Reckoning and the Resurrection, etc.) and what was behind them (denial of the matters in the coming life of the Hereafter as regards punishment or reward, etc.). And the Word (i.e. the torment) is justified against them as it was justified against those who were among the previous generations of jinns and men that had passed away before them. Indeed they (all) were the losers. (Fussilat 25).

He also said: And whosoever turns away (blinds himself) from the remembrance of the Most Beneficent (Allâh) (i.e. this Qur\'ân and worship of Allâh), We appoint for him Shaitân (Satan * devil) to be a Qarîn (an intimate companion) to him. (Az-Zukhruf 36).

Girls\' runaway is escaping from reality, by these words professor Dr. Abd alRahman Bin Ebrahim AlShaer the Dean of Studies and Researches Center, starts his speech as he clarify that this issue is an international social phenomenon that assures their escape from reality since following modern social changes notice the contradictions in the life of a lot of girls.

That phenomenon seems to be personal since he personality is the regulator of human behavior hat characterize him from other creatures as it includes habits, ideas, directions and attentions thus culture reactions discharges with all expressions: cultural, social, economic, and educational are causes of this phenomenon.

Social studies confirmed that family problems are the most reason and strict bringing up by either parents or one of them against girls, differentiation between sons as well as bad influence of bad friends who affects girl morals.

Prof. Dr. AlShaer points that there are many kinds of girls runaway to go away from reality or environment as moral runaway , material runaway and organic runaway as a result of objections. He added that the most important reason is the weakness of religious purpose, accompanying bad friends, media influence, excessive spoiling, and family over control of parents or brother leading to girls runaway searching for a safe environment for her psychological and physiological condition.

For limitation of this phenomenon family should be advised by correct bringing up methods and activation of social specialist role in schools, and universities as well as mosques and social institutes through learning and cultural programs that concentrate on problems that face the girl and how to encounter it.

Information specialist Dr.Foad Tawfic AlAni said: this phenomenon is very strange in our Arabic and Islamic societies as it is a social phenomenon added to other phenomena that affect the world today and he has many questions like: do we start to pay tax of our development and modern technical information?

What are the causes? Could we limit it before spreading according to?

(Immunity is better than treatment)? What is the solution and how?

Dr. AlAni continue saying that there is no controversy that family is considered the social regulation center of Islam as it is the most wonderful cell made by rational human brain as it is based on different moral ethics as altruism. Islamic families is the most effective means in constructing righteous family depending on ( presence, continuity and stability) good relation between partners in the ambience of (mercy, intimacy and negativism).

Allah create our mother eve to perform her role and to entertain Adam peace be upon him and create her from his rib to make a good relation between them.

Allah teaches us that everything in the earth is based on couples and he creates their sons and daughters with distinctive characteristics to integrate each others not to antagonize.

Girls\' runaway became the hour issue with many questions about family cracking and violence to avoid evils away from family due to destructive results on society and motherland values threatening its safety and stability.

It is known that bringing up sons is a sharing responsibility between parents and recently it is more due to the challenges that face recent generations.

Opportunities offered by modern life culturally, educationally and knowledge has parallel hard challenges and ability to react with since satellites, internet and mobile facilitate getting information and at the same time affect ethics, value, and personality so taking care became very important to antagonize those reactions and to protect sons from deviation.

This will occur in case of parents\' accord as well as surrounding media (media-culture- mosque-school – religion men – sermon).

Son or daughter is no longer a receiver; today he usually has more information than his father.

Dr. AlAni denotes also that weakness of religious target, bad friends, mingling with them, smartening up, parents busyness with demesne issues with no time to sons, preferring one son, non asking about son friends, in addition to old maid and its related endless problems as the bad treatment from father and over control of him and ordering her to stay at home desiring her salary if she is working or marring he from unsuitable partner either in education, age or in social and psychological situation.

Dr. AlAni is asking about the solution and he answered that diagnosing the disease is present and there is a consensus on it: Religion but who has the authority to oblige the patient by treatment, this is the question?

What is the law that oblige patient?

We think that it is Islam system (mercy, intimacy and tranquility).

Islamic guidance (according to Quran) is the right entrance to make the balanced Islamic personality to upbringing of a generation knowing his religion clutching with it, merit lover and depravity averse and this can happen through:

Vaccination which is the scientific method to face deviation

Correction which is the immune part by positive culture in order to funds any strange values and traditions.

Following up of sons : alert supervision of cultural and directing methods.



At the end Dr. AlAni said that the last speech is to parents as them should not disagree in front of sons especially in case of sensitive and essential issues particularly girls as they are characterized by weakness, sensitivity and emotions and they should prevent excessive spoiling and at the same time avoiding austerity, violence and rigidity in dealing since both ways are wrong thus average, balance and reasonability.

Professor Dr. muhamad Madani Bosak the head of justice department at Prince Nayef Arabian University for security sciences present a valuable advice for girls saying:

Allah with his generosity specify man and characterize him to raise his position as he creates him in the best form and offer him with two pairs man and woman and Islam care of woman extensively to stay booster and honored surrounded by father mercy and kindness as well as protection and care of her husband thus Allah gave her more rights than man to be a precious jewel protected from any harm since she is for jewelries and beautification needed from man and when has sons she prepares men and women so her grace increases as she is the mother of hero, kings and scientists and the whole kiss her hand and bow and you never her from her except good words mercy and supplications, therefore each girl should know that her esteem and glory is associated with herself respectfulness and her family.

She should protect herself to indecency and loss that lead to loss of every thing.

Girls who runaway from home and scandal her family have no future and walk in a dark ay after loosing cozy family nest surrounding them with love and care replacing them by fierce monsters that do present anything freely and destroying them leaving them after loosing everything except repent and regret as well as Allah anger and torment in on earth and in the otherworld.

Dr. Bosak ends his words by advising girls saying: Oh that girls, godliness and family engagement whatever the condition as the family is paradise, mercy and protection

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Side Effects of Cocaine

The side effects of cocaine tend to affect the entire body, especially the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. The side effects of cocaine are thought to be due to excessively high plasma levels resulting from excessive ingestion of the drug and the subsequent rapid absorption into the blood stream. Often this leads to overdose and death due to respiratory and cardiovascular failure.

The active component of cocaine must enter the brain by crossing a protective covering known as the blood brain barrier. Once across this barrier, effects and side effects of cocaine due to central nervous system activity can be seen. The central nervous system reactions are both excitatory and/or depressant. These side effects of cocaine are characterized by nervousness, restlessness, and excitement. As these side effects of cocaine progress, tremors and eventually epileptic-like convulsions may occur. Vomiting is also common. Following the excitatory side effects of cocaine is the depressive and more dangerous side effects of cocaine. Respiratory depression results displaying slowed rate of breathing and decreased sensitivity to increasing carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Eventually, at high doses, respiratory related side effects of cocaine result in respiratory failure and death


Side Effects of Cocaine

In the cardiovascular system, small doses actually cause the heart rate to slow down. With increasing doses, the side effects of cocaine are stimulatory causing increasing heart rate and increasing sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight responsiveness) to increase. Part of this response is to cause blood vessels to constrict. These side effects of cocaine result in increasing blood pressure and body temperature.

Other side effects of cocaine include the shedding of corneal epithelium layers. This causes clouding, pitting, and occasionally ulcer formation on the eye. Due to the side effects of cocaine, this drug is not meant for ophthalmic use

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The Effects of Cocaine

The effects of cocaineon the body are multiple. Three areas that are acutely affected are the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal system, and the cardiovascular system.

The effects of cocaine on the central nervous system are perhaps the most severe and the most damaging. Cocaine inhibits the release of dopamine and other neurochemicals in the brain. This is what causes the euphoric high that users often feel. However, one of the long-term effects of cocaine is that the brain slows down and eventually stops producing these neurons because it is getting them artificially. This can lead to mood and behavior alterations that include paranoia, irritability, restlessness, and auditory hallucinations.


Effects of Cocaine

A decreased appetite, which can lead to malnutrition, is one of the other effects of cocaine on the central nervous system.

The effects of cocaine on the gastrointestinal system, while not as common, may include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea.

The cardiovascular system is another area that suffers from the effects of cocaine. Cocaine causes blood vessels to constrict. This leads to dilated pupils, increased body temperature and heart rate, and blood pressure since there is an increased demand for oxygen by the heart. The most commonly reported cardiovascular problems related to the effects of cocaine are Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI), commonly known as a heart attack, and various arrhythmias. Strokes, seizures, and convulsions are also some of the cardiovascular effects of cocaine.

Finally, the effects of cocaine are serious and by causing significant damage to the central nervous, the gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular systems, can even be fatal

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How to give up smoking

Some smokers accost by saying \"Do not tell me why I should stop smoking, but tell me how to stop. It is worth mentioning that 5 - 16 % of smokers are able to stop for six months at least with out aid means or medical treatments. But, the studies pointed out that the smokers who use medical treatments are able to stop for more than six months from those who do not use them.

Besides, the supportive behavioral programs increase the proportion of the success average of giving up smoking program. It can be said that it is not only one correct way to follow in order to stop smoking, but there are some keys for the success of giving up smoking program. There are 4 major factors:

- Making the decision to give up smoking.

- Choosing a specific appointment and a giving up plan.

- Dealing with the withdrawal symptoms.

-The constancy of giving up smoking.

Making the decision:

This decision must come from the person himself, that there could be some around this person who want him to stop smoking. But the true decision comes from inside this person. There are some points that the more belief in them increases the success proportion of making the decision such as: the convention that there is proportion of being infected with smoking complications, that this person will make a serious and honest attempt to stop, and finally the convention that the benefits he could make out of giving up are more than those of smoking \"if they are found\".

Choosing a specific appointment and a giving up plan:

Whenever the decision is made, this person becomes able to specify an appointment, which is considered a very important step. Usually, the appointment is made through the next days that this person can be given a chance to think deeply, to have an interlocution with him, and to discover all about smoking inside him: why does he smoke? Why should he stop? What makes him smoke? And other questions. The smoker can use pen and paper to record his thoughts that he can use them later.

There are many ways to give up smoking, one of them is by reducing the cigarettes he smokes gradually, usually this way is not recommended because practically it looks hard to implement. Another way is to completely give up smoking not gradually. There are some steps that help in the preparation for this stage and in its success:

- Telling family and friends about the giving up decision and the specific day (announcement for him).

- Specifying the plan which will be followed..... Is he going to use

Nicotine alternatives? Is he going to join special programs for giving up?

- Starting to make himself get used to the expression \"no ... thank you .... I do not smoke\"

- Trying to find himself a supportive system (friend, family member, it is better if this person gave up smoking before)

- It is preferred that the appointment synchronizes with appropriate circumstances not with incidental life troubles (family, work problems, tests .....etc) that the timing dose not fail and in order not to lose the bet with himself and get frustrated.

Totally, it can be said that the success to give up is a commitment and a plan issue not a coincidence.

In the day specified for the giving up, this person should:

- Never smoke

- Get ride of everything related to smoking (cigarettes, lighter, ashtray, and others).

- Try to remain active by practicing sport or loved hobbies.

- Drink a lot of liquids.

- Avoid places or gatherings that could increase his desire to smoke.

Dealing with the withdrawal symptoms:

After giving up smoking, some people suffer from some symptoms that could be physical such as (headache and feeling tired) or psychological such as (worry and additional nervousness). Usually those are simple symptoms that do not threaten life and could be passed by using suitable treatments or by practicing relaxation exercises. Some consider it hard to lose the connection between smoking and doing a specific behavior (smoking while watching television or smoking while drinking coffee....etc ).So, this person should think quietly about how to lose these wrong justifications connected to this behavior, specially as they do not depend on a correct base.

Besides, there are another wrong justifications that smoker use to continue smoking \"I will have this cigarette until this crisis pass\" \"today is not the right day, I will start tomorrow\". This happens with no clear reason or a justification to delay. He also says \"I do not have failings except for smoking\" or \"how could smoking be harmful while my grandfather smoked for his whole life and had nothing\" and other justifications that could bring him back to smoking again. Smoker can write these justifications to discuss it quietly and neutrally.

Avoiding people whom he used to smoke with or places where he used to smoke in and changing some of his habits such as changing his way to work or having juice instead of coffee, helps in getting over the first stage successfully. Besides, he can use other alternatives such as a gum free of sugar, nuts, or siwak. This person who gave up smoking must restrict commit to the promise he made with him self after a deep thinking,

The constancy of giving up smoking:

It is the most important step that the person seeks. A lot of people say \"we gave it up for many times then smoked again \". We should pay attention that one cigarette means that you smoke again. Here, we should mention that the desire to smoke after giving it up is not usually continuous, but comes and goes quickly and keeping yourself busy helps in getting these moments over.



Gaining weight after giving up smoking:

The expected gained weight makes some think of not giving up smoking, although their weight increases slightly and its dangerous can not be compared to smoking dangerous. Besides, such increase can be overcomes by following instructions such as eating as lot of fruits and vegetables, reducing fats, and exercising regularly specially walking which reduces tension and keeps them physically active.



What are the benefits someone makes out of giving up smoking?

Luckily, the physical changes occurred because of smoking begin to retrograde during the first minutes. For example, after twenty minutes, blood pressure and heartbeat come back to their normal average. During the next hours, carbon dioxide decreases and oxygen increases. Later, smell and taste senses improve. The positive changes continue for days and weeks. As a result, the infection average of cancer, stroke, and heart failure decrease. Celerity and skin appearance improve. These are some of the most important reasons that one should seek to improve his life and enjoy it clear from diseases. Thus, we notice that there are many benefits one can make just by giving up smoking.



The available treatments:

The treatments used for helping those who want to give up smoking vary .For example: nicotine alternatives, medicinal and psychological treatment. Nicotine alternatives are used for saving a particular proportion of nicotine during the day. They are better than cigarettes that they only contain of nicotine and are free from the other harmful substances. These alternatives have many forms. Stickers which last for 16 - 24 hours and then replaced by another one, usually the treatment using stickers last for two months. The nicotine gum which is considered one of the quickest alternatives for its effect. It is used according to this person need and the treatment last for 1 - 3 months. Also, there is the nicotine spray .They began to use it on 1998 by using a particular quantity and the treatment last for 6 months. In addition to other alternatives nicotine sweet and the nasal spray.

But for the medicinal treatments, there is the Bupropion Zypan, a medicine used for treating depression, which was discovered to help in giving up smoking. It reduces both the withdrawal symptoms and the desire for nicotine. This medicine is given by a medical prescr iption after the doctor evaluates the case. The treatment last for 12 weeks.

One of the medicines that are used recently is the Chantix which reduces the withdrawal symptoms, this medicine led to a lot of positive results.

The Chinese needles and the silver abutting treatments are also used. Their benefits lie in reducing the withdrawal symptoms and the desire for nicotine by instigating the brain to excrete particular substances.

Usually, it is recommended to participate in more than one treatment method to get the best results.

Dr.Moubarak Ghareib
combating smoking clinic doctor

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Marijuana

What is marijuana?
Marijuana (grass, pot, and weed) is the common name for a crude drug made from the plant Cannabis sativa. The main mind-altering (psychoactive) ingredient in marijuana is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol), but more than 400 other chemicals also are in the plant. A marijuana \"joint\" (cigarette) is made from the dried particles of the plant. The amount of THC in the marijuana determines how strong its effects will be. The type of plant, the weather, the soil, the time of harvest, and other factors determine the strength of marijuana. The strength of today\'s marijuana is as much as ten times greater than the marijuana used in the early 1970s. This more potent marijuana increases physical and mental effects and the possibility of health problems for the user. Hashish, or hash, is made by taking the resin from the leaves and flowers of the marijuana plant and pressing it into cakes or slabs. Hash is usually stronger than crude marijuana and may contain five to ten times as much THC. Pure THC is almost never available, except for research. Substances sold as THC on the street often turn out to be something else, such as PCP.
What are some of the immediate effects of smoking marijuana?
Some immediate physical effects of marijuana include a faster heartbeat and pulse rate, bloodshot eyes, and a dry mouth and throat. No scientific evidence indicates that marijuana improves hearing, eyesight, and skin sensitivity. Studies of marijuana\'s mental effects show that the drug can impair or reduce short-term memory, alter sense of time, and reduce ability to do things which require concentration, swift reactions, and coordination, such as driving a car or operating machinery.
Are there any other adverse reactions to marijuana?
A common bad reaction to marijuana is the \"acute panic anxiety reaction.\" People describe this reaction as an extreme fear of \"losing control,\" which causes panic. The symptoms usually disappear in a few hours.
What about psychological dependence on marijuana?
Long-term regular users of marijuana may become psychologically dependent. They may have a hard time limiting their use, they may need more of the drug to get the same effect, and they may develop problems with their jobs and personal relationships. The drug can become the most important aspect of their lives.
What are the dangers for young people?
One major concern about marijuana is its possible effects on young people as they grow up. Research shows that the earlier people start using drugs, the more likely they are to go on to experiment with other drugs. In addition, when young people start using marijuana regularly, they often lose interest and are not motivated to do their schoolwork. The effects of marijuana can interfere with learning by impairing thinking, reading comprehension, and verbal and mathematical skills. Research shows that students do not remember what they have learned when they are \"high\".
How does marijuana affect driving ability?
Driving experiments show that marijuana affects a wide range of skills needed for safe driving -- thinking and reflexes are slowed, making it hard for drivers to respond to sudden, unexpected events. Also, a driver\'s ability to \"track\" (stay in lane) through curves, to brake quickly, and to maintain speed and the proper distance between cars is affected. Research shows that these skills are impaired for at least 4-6 hours after smoking a single marijuana cigarette, long after the \"high\" is gone. If a person drinks alcohol, along with using marijuana, the risk of an accident greatly increases. Marijuana presents a definite danger on the road.
Does marijuana affect the human reproductive system?
Some research studies suggest that the use of marijuana during pregnancy may result in premature babies and in low birth weights. Studies of men and women may have a temporary loss of fertility. These findings suggest that marijuana may be especially harmful during adolescence, a period of rapid physical and sexual development.
How does marijuana affect the heart?
Marijuana use increases the heart rate as much as 50 percent, depending on the amount of THC. It can cause chest pain in people who have a poor blood supply to the heart - and it produces these effects more rapidly than tobacco smoke does.
How does marijuana affect the lungs?
Scientists believe that marijuana can be especially harmful to the lungs because users often inhale the unfiltered smoke deeply and hold it in their lungs as long as possible. Therefore, the smoke is in contact with lung tissues for long periods of time, which irritates the lungs and damages the way they work. Marijuana smoke contains some of the same ingredients in tobacco smoke that can cause emphysema and cancer. In addition, many marijuana users also smoke cigarettes; the combined effects of smoking these two substances creates an increased health risk.
Can marijuana cause cancer?
Marijuana smoke has been found to contain more cancer-causing agents than is found in tobacco smoke. Examination of human lung tissue that had been exposed to marijuana smoke over a long period of time in a laboratory showed cellular changes called metaplasia that are considered precancerous. In laboratory test, the tars from marijuana smoke have produced tumors when applied to animal skin. These studies suggest that it is likely that marijuana may cause cancer if used for a number of years.
How people are usually introduced to marijuana?
Many young people are introduced to marijuana by their peers - usually acquaintances, friends, sisters, and brothers. People often try drugs such as marijuana because they feel pressured by peers to be part of the group. Children must be taught how to say no to peer pressure to try drugs. Parents can get involved by becoming informed about marijuana and by talking to their children about drug use.
What is marijuana \"burnout\"?
\"Burnout\" is a term first used by marijuana smokers themselves to describe the effect of prolonged use. Young people who smoke marijuana heavily over long periods of time can become dull, slow moving, and inattentive. These \"burned-out\" users are sometimes so unaware of their surroundings that they do not respond when friends speak to them, and they do not realize they have a problem.
How long do chemicals from marijuana stay in the body after the drug is smoked?
When marijuana is smoked, THC, its active ingredient, is absorbed by most tissues and organs in the body; however, it is primarily found in fat tissues. The body, in its attempt to rid itself of the foreign chemical, chemically transforms the THC into metabolites. Urine tests can detect THC metabolites for up to a week after people have smoked marijuana. Tests involving radioactively labeled THC have traced these metabolites in animals for up to a month

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Heroin

Years ago, thoughts of using a needle kept many potential heroin users at bay. Not anymore. Today\'s heroin is so pure, users can smoke it or snort it, causing more kids under 18 to use it. Kids who snort or smoke heroin face the same high risk of overdose and death that haunts intravenous users. Yet 40% of high school seniors polled do not believe there is great risk in trying heroin.
Recent studies suggest a shift from injecting to snorting or smoking heroin because of increased purity and the misconception that these forms of use will not lead to addiction.
Heroin is processed from morphine, a naturally occurring substance extracted from the seed-pod of the Asian poppy plant. Heroin usually appears as a white or brown powder. Street names associated with heroin include \"smack,\" \"H,\" \"skag,\" and \"junk.\" Other names may refer to types of heroin produced in a specific geographical area, such as \"Mexican black tar.\"
The short-term effects of heroin abuse appear soon after a single dose and disappear in a few hours. After an injection of heroin, the user reports feeling a surge of euphoria (\"rush\") accompanied by a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth, and heavy extremities. Following this initial euphoria, the user goes \"on the nod,\" an alternately wakeful and drowsy state. Mental functioning becomes clouded due to the depression of the central nervous system.
Reports from the Drug Abuse Warning Networks (DAWN) Annual Medical Examiner Data from 1997 show that heroin/morphine was the top-ranking drug among drug-related deaths in 14 US major metro areas. It ranked second in another eight.
According to DAWNs Year End 1998 Emergency Department Data, 14 percent of all emergency department drug-related episodes had mentions of heroin/morphine in 1998. From 1991-1996, the number of heroin/morphine mentions more than doubled.
Health Hazards
Irreversible effects. Heroin abuse is associated with serious health conditions, including fatal overdose, spontaneous abortion, collapsed veins, and infectious diseases, including HIV/AIDS and hepatitis.
Long-term effects. Long-term effects of heroin include collapsed veins, infection of the heart lining and valves, abscesses, cellulitis, and liver disease. Pulmonary complications, including various types of pneumonia, may result from the poor health condition of the abuser, as well as from heroin\'s depressing effects on respiration.
Infection. In addition to the effects of the drug itself, street heroin may have additives that do not readily dissolve and result in clogging the blood vessels that lead to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or brain. This can cause infection or even death of small patches of cells in vital organs

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LSD

Chemical name: D-lysergic acid diethylamide, D-lysergic acid diethylamide
Chemical formula: C20H25N3O




Street Names: acid, blotter, cubes, microdot, yellow sunshine
DEA Schedule: Schedule I
History of the Drug: LSD did not receive popular attention until the early 1960s when the late Timothy Leary and Richard Alpert, his colleague at Harvard University, began experimenting with the drug on themselves, other academics, local artists, and students. In 1974 the National Institute of Mental Health concluded that LSD had no therapeutic use.
The interest in LSD during the 1960s also prompted users to seek out naturally occurring substances that produced the same experiential effects. In fact, a variety of substances in nature produce transitory visual or auditory distortion, e.g., cannabis, thornapple, peyote, and jimsonweed. One of the oldest hallucinogens known to Western scientists is mescaline, a derivative of the peyote cactus, used for centuries in natural medicines and religious ceremonies. Substances such as peyote, mescaline, and a variety of exotic fungi (e.g., psilocybin mushrooms) can be smoked, brewed in tea, chewed, and incorporated into food. In the 1960s users exchanged and published recipes for preparation of hallucinogens through popular publications of the era.
Appearance




Blotter
The most common form of LSD is paper blotter divided into about 1/4\" squares called tabs. A single tab usually contains between 30 - 100 ug of LSD. Paper blotters are created by taking a sheet of absorbent paper (usually decorated and perforated) and soaking it in a dilution of lysergic acid diethylamide. The dilution can vary greatly from one batch to another, or one chemist to another.
Liquid
LSD is soluable in water and other solvents, though liquid LSD is usually water based. Liquid LSD is used in the creation of blotter tabs. A single drop of potent liquid LSD could be 50 times a normal dose, although it is generally diluted to the point where a single drop is equal to approximately one dose. Be extremely careful when dealing with it, as there is no way to gauge its potency. It is frequently stored in small dropper bottles, one precaution...when you reach the end of the bottle, don\'t rinse it out and assume that what remains is a small dose. There can still be many doses left along the inside surfaces and taking them all at once can lead to some unexpectedly strong and possibly very uncomfortable experiences.
Gelatin
Gelatin LSD is made by mixing liquid LSD with gelatin and forming it into small, thin squares. The benefit of this method is that less of the LSD is exposed to sun and air, which break down lysergic acid diethylamide.
Do you smoke this? In its most common forms - liquid, soaked into paper, pills or capsules - it is swallowed but LSD can also be injected or inhaled.
What\'s gonna happen to me? Like all hallucinogens, LSD affects the senses. Users can hallucinate, or see and hear things that don\'t really exist. Hallucinogens also influence emotions and the ability to think clearly. The effects vary from user to user and a lot depends on the strength of the LSD. Users can experience a sense of wonder and joy or they might get scared and anxious. They can also feel as they are outside their body and able to watch themselves. In general though, the effects are felt within an hour of taking LSD and these can last as long as 12 hours.
Risks & Realities: Many LSD users experience flashbacks, recurrence of certain aspects of a person\'s experience, without the user having taken the drug again. A flashback occurs suddenly, often without warning, and may occur within a few days or more than a year after LSD use. Flashbacks usually occur in people who use hallucinogens chronically or have an underlying personality problem; however, otherwise healthy people who use LSD occasionally may also have flashbacks. Bad trips and flashbacks are only part of the risks of LSD use. LSD users may manifest relatively long-lasting psychoses, such as schizophrenia or severe depression. It is difficult to determine the extent and mechanism of the LSD involvement in these illnesses.
Most users of LSD voluntarily decrease or stop its use over time. LSD is not considered an addictive drug since it does not produce compulsive drug-seeking behavior, as do cocaine, amphetamine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine.
Fast facts about effects on the body: LSD increases blood pressure and heart rate. It also increases the body\'s temperature and makes the pupil in the eye larger. These physical changes are the first thing users feel and may cause numbness, weakness and a lack of coordination

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PCP- Phencyclidine

PCP- Phencyclidine
Chemical formula: C18H25N

Street Names: angel dust, boat, hog, love boat, peace pill
DEA Schedule: Schedule I, II
History of the Drug: PCP (phencyclidine) was developed in the 1950s as an intravenous anesthetic. Use of PCP in humans was discontinued in 1965, because it was found that patients often became agitated, delusional, and irrational while recovering from its anesthetic effects. PCP is illegally manufactured in laboratories and is sold on the street by such names as \"angel dust,\" \"ozone,\" \"wack,\" and \"rocket fuel.\" \"Killer joints\"and \"crystal supergrass\" are names that refer to PCP combined with marijuana. The variety of street names for PCP reflects its bizarre and volatile effects.
Appearance

PCP is a white crystalline powder that is readily soluble in water or alcohol. It has a distinctive bitter chemical taste. PCP can be mixed easily with dyes and turns up on the illicit drug market in a variety of tablets, capsules, and colored powders. It is normally used in one of three ways: snorted, smoked, or eaten. For smoking, PCP is often applied to a leafy material such as mint, parsley, oregano, or marijuana.
Do you smoke this? As a powder it is snorted. When it is in a liquid form, it can be injected and when it is a pill or capsule, it is simply swallowed. The powder form of PCP is often mixed with tobacco, dried parsley or marijuana, and then smoked.
What\'s gonna happen to me? Like all hallucinogens, PCP has an effect on the mind and the senses. Users can hallucinate, or see and hear things that don\'t really exist. Hallucinogens also influence emotions and the ability to think clearly. PCP has different effects on different people. It causes some people to feel joy and others can feel nothing but anxiety and panic. In some cases, this panic can lead to violent behavior.
Risks & Realities: PCP is addicting; that is, its use often leads to psychological dependence, craving, and compulsive PCP-seeking behavior. It was first introduced as a street drug in the 1960s and quickly gained a reputation as a drug that could cause bad reactions and was not worth the risk. Many people, after using the drug once, will not knowingly use it again. Yet others use it consistently and regularly. Some persist in using PCP because of its addicting properties. Others cite feelings of strength, power, invulnerability and a numbing effect on the mind as reasons for their continued PCP use.
Many PCP users are brought to emergency rooms because of PCP\'s unpleasant psychological effects or because of overdoses. In a hospital or detention setting, they often become violent or suicidal, and are very dangerous to themselves and to others. They should be kept in a calm setting and should not be left alone.
Fast facts about effects on the body: PCP produces many changes in the body including faster breathing and an increased heart rate. It also increases body temperature and can lead to numbness in the legs and arms.
Higher doses can produce a quick drop in blood pressure, vomiting, blurred vision, dizziness and an inability to feel pain

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PM

DMT-Ayahuasca
Chemical name: N,N-dimethyltryptamine
Chemical formula: C12H16N2

Street Names: Dimitri
DEA Schedule: Schedule I
History of the Drug: N,N-DMT use has been documented as early as the 8th Century AD in snuffs found in burial sites, but its use is believed to be much older. Cohoba snuffs (from the Yopo tree) were documented in Columbia in the 16th through 19th Centuries. N,N-DMT and 5-MeO-DMT were finally identified as the active constituents of cohoba in the early 1950s and in 1954 N,N-DMT was isolated as an active ingredient in A. peregrina.
Appearance

DMT is a chemical neurotransmitter present naturally in the human body as well as in many plants.
Do you smoke this? It can be smoked, or used orally...producing very different results. When ingested orally (usually from plant material)...it is often referred to as Ayahuasca. Pure DMT is most often found in crystal form.
What\'s gonna happen to me? When smoked, DMT effects are short-lived and intense and the smoke is harsh and plastic tasting. Onset is fast and furious, sometimes compared to being launched from a cannon. It is a fully engaging and enveloping experience of visions and visuals, which varies greatly from one individual to the next. Users report visiting other worlds, talking with alien entities, profound changes in ontological perspective, fanciful dreamscapes, frightening and overwhelming forces, complete shifts in perception and identity followed by an abrupt return to baseline.
Risks & Realities: One of the primary physical problems encountered with smoked N,N-DMT is the harsh nature of the smoke which can cause throat and lung irritation. Integration of the smoked DMT experience can also cause difficulties for some individuals, especially at higher doses. Difficult integration periods can lead to anxiety, difficulty focusing on daily tasks, preoccupation with the experience, difficulty sleeping, etc. Generally these effects dissipate on their own over the course of a few days but there are reports of persisting problems. DMT is neither physically addicting nor likely to cause psychological dependence.
Fast facts about effects on the body: Some say the DMT is hard on the lungs to smoke. They also report slight stomach discomfort, difficulty integrating experiences, and overwhelming fear

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What are inhalants?
Inhalants are volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that can be inhaled through the nose or mouth to induce a psychoactive, or mind-altering, effect. Although other abused substances can be inhaled, the term \"inhalants\" is used to describe a variety of substances whose main characteristic is that they are rarely, if ever, taken by any route other than inhalation. Hundreds of everyday household products are being used by kids to get a quick high by sniffing directly from an open container or \"huffing\" from a rag soaked in the substance held to the face. Common inhalants used to get high include rubber cement, paint thinner, nail polish remover, gasoline, correction fluids and bleach.
Statistics
• Use of inhalants increased in 2005 among eighth graders. This trend is troubling, since these substances are being abused by younger students.
• According to the 2005 Monitoring the Future Study, the proportion of young people who believe it is dangerous to use inhalants has declined among eight and 10th graders over the past five years. (Table 5)
• Research indicates a correlation between early inhalant use and delinquent behaviors, substance abuse and other problems later in life. (National Survey on Drug Use and Health, Section 1, Tables 1.19 to 1.27.)
Effects of inhalants
Inhalant use can cause a number of health problems, including suffocation and even death.
• Short-term: heart palpitations, breathing difficulty, dizziness, headaches and possibly death.
• Long-term: damage to the brain, nerve cells, heart, lungs, liver, kidney, and possibly death.
Severe health consequences of inhalant use:
• Suffocation - from inhaling fumes when head is covered in a plastic bag
• Convulsions or seizures - caused by abnormal electrical discharges from the brain
• Coma - brain shuts down almost all but most vital functions
• Choking - occurs after inhalation of vomit following inhalant use
• Fatal injury - from accidents suffered while intoxicated
Physical signs of inhalant use
• Unusual breath odor or chemical odor on clothing
• Spots and/or sores around the mouth
• Nausea and/or loss of appetite
• Slurred or disoriented speech
• Drunk, dazed or dizzy appearance
• Red or runny eyes or nose
Why do young people use inhalants instead of other drugs?
The products are widely available, inexpensive, easy to conceal and legal. Most users do not realize how dangerous inhalants can be. Many young people start because they don\'t think these substances can hurt them. Once hooked, they find it a tough habit to break.

Who is at risk for using inhalants?
Inhalants are second only to marijuana in terms of adolescent drug use, and all kids are at risk. Youth drug use cuts across all geographic, socio-economic, racial and ethnic boundaries

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Side Effects of Cocaine

The side effects of cocaine tend to affect the entire body, especially the central nervous system and cardiovascular system. The side effects of cocaine are thought to be due to excessively high plasma levels resulting from excessive ingestion of the drug and the subsequent rapid absorption into the blood stream. Often this leads to overdose and death due to respiratory and cardiovascular failure.

The active component of cocaine must enter the brain by crossing a protective covering known as the blood brain barrier. Once across this barrier, effects and side effects of cocaine due to central nervous system activity can be seen. The central nervous system reactions are both excitatory and/or depressant. These side effects of cocaine are characterized by nervousness, restlessness, and excitement. As these side effects of cocaine progress, tremors and eventually epileptic-like convulsions may occur. Vomiting is also common. Following the excitatory side effects of cocaine is the depressive and more dangerous side effects of cocaine. Respiratory depression results displaying slowed rate of breathing and decreased sensitivity to increasing carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Eventually, at high doses, respiratory related side effects of cocaine result in respiratory failure and death


Side Effects of Cocaine

In the cardiovascular system, small doses actually cause the heart rate to slow down. With increasing doses, the side effects of cocaine are stimulatory causing increasing heart rate and increasing sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight responsiveness) to increase. Part of this response is to cause blood vessels to constrict. These side effects of cocaine result in increasing blood pressure and body temperature.

Other side effects of cocaine include the shedding of corneal epithelium layers. This causes clouding, pitting, and occasionally ulcer formation on the eye. Due to the side effects of cocaine, this drug is not meant for ophthalmic use

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